What Was Viking Royalty Called?

The might and reputation of the Vikings, a sea-faring people from Scandinavia, continue to resonate through history, leaving a trail of fascination, awe, and, sometimes, dread. Of particular interest is the topic of Viking royalty. While it’s common to think of Viking society as egalitarian, the truth is that it contained layers of hierarchy. As society evolved, it saw the emergence of powerful individuals who ruled vast areas, the Viking rulers, also referred to as the Norse kings or Vikings kings.

Did Vikings Have Royalty?

While the notion of Vikings as a fiercely egalitarian society has long permeated popular culture, historical evidence suggests a more nuanced reality. Yes, the Vikings had a system of royalty, although it was not akin to the structured monarchies familiar to us today.

In the early stages of the Viking Age, their societies were primarily led by chieftains—respected warriors or elders who commanded the loyalty of their communities. However, as these Norse societies grew more complex and expansive, necessitating more centralized control, the concept of kingship emerged.

These early Viking kings, known as ‘konungr’ in Old Norse, ruled over substantial territories and held greater authority than chieftains. Kingship in the Viking Age was often hereditary but not absolute. The king was expected to be a wise leader, a brave warrior, and a just lawmaker. He was also obliged to maintain a delicate balance of power with the ‘jarls’ (nobles) and the ‘karls’ (freemen) and with the ‘Thing,’ an assembly of free men with the power to elect and even depose a king.

Furthermore, Viking royalty was not limited to kings. Viking queens were less common and influential figures in their societies, influencing politics and even leading expeditions.

So, to answer the question—did Vikings have royalty? Yes, they did, although their royalty was not characterized by lavish courts or absolute power but by a complex system of leadership roles within their vibrant and evolving societies.

What Was Viking Nobility Called?

The Viking society had a hierarchy with its version of nobility, distinct from the royal class of kings and queens. These nobles were referred to as ‘Jarls,’ a term derived from the Old Norse word ‘jarl’ or ‘earl’ in English.

The Jarls were a class of elite warriors and landowners who held substantial power and influence. In many ways, they served as the intermediaries between the king (or chieftain in earlier societies) and the common freemen or ‘karls.’ Their responsibilities included administrative tasks, maintaining law and order, and leading warriors into battle when called upon.

It’s crucial to note that while the Jarls were a privileged class, they didn’t possess their rank by birthright alone. Viking society was largely meritocratic, meaning a Jarl typically earned his position through personal achievements in war or trade or by demonstrating leadership qualities.

Moreover, the Jarls’ power was not absolute. They were accountable to the king and the ‘Thing,’ the assembly of free men, demonstrating the balance of power in Viking society. Thus, the Viking nobility, embodied by the Jarls, played a pivotal role in the socio-political fabric of the Viking Age.

The Norse Socio-Political Hierarchy: From Chieftains to Kings

Viking Chieftains

Before delving into the world of Viking royalty, we need to understand the Viking societal structure, which, contrary to popular belief, was more complicated than just warriors and peasants. The Vikings had a semi-complex social structure divided into several classes. In the early days of Viking society, the highest social class was not royalty but chieftains.

Chieftains were respected warriors or elders who had proven themselves in battle or through wisdom and strategic insight. They were leaders of their communities or clans and commanded significant respect and authority. Yet, it’s important to mention that the title of a chieftain was not hereditary but meritocratic. A chieftain’s power and influence were directly proportional to their personal qualities and achievements.

Emergence of Viking Kings

As Viking society grew more complex, the need for central authority emerged. The unification of communities and territories demanded a higher form of leadership. Thus, the concept of kingship was born. Norse kings or Viking kings were, in many ways, an evolution of the chieftain role. They ruled over more significant territories, often including several tribes or clans.

Unlike chieftains, the position of Norse kings often became hereditary, with the sons inheriting their father’s title and power. These early Viking rulers were called ‘konungr,’ the Old Norse word for ‘king.

Viking Kings Timeline

The emergence of numerous significant rulers across Scandinavia characterizes the timeline of Viking kings. Their reigns were crucial to establishing and expanding Viking territories, contributing to the rich tapestry of Viking history.

Late 8th Century – Early 9th Century

The Viking Age unofficially began with the raid on the Lindisfarne monastery in Northumbria in 793. Although no distinct king is associated with this event, it marked the Vikings’ rise as a formidable European force.

9th Century

In the mid-9th century, the legendary Viking ruler Ragnar Lothbrok supposedly reigned. Although his historical existence is debated, sagas credit him with numerous raids across Europe.

872-930

Harald Fairhair is traditionally seen as the first King of Norway. According to the sagas, his reign started after a significant victory in the Battle of Hafrsfjord in 872, which led to the unification of Norway.

930-934

Erik Bloodaxe, the son of Harald Fairhair, ruled as the King of Norway. His reign was marked by brutality, leading to his nickname ‘Bloodaxe.’ He was eventually driven out of the country.

995-1000

Olaf Tryggvason became the King of Norway. He is known for forcefully converting the Norse to Christianity, marking a significant shift in Viking religious practice.

1015-1028

Olaf II Haraldsson, later known as Saint Olaf, ruled as the King of Norway. He is remembered for his attempts to consolidate royal power and further Christianize Norway.

The timeline of Viking kings showcases a fascinating evolution of power, from semi-legendary heroes to influential historical figures who left lasting impacts on the Viking world’s societal, religious, and political landscapes.

Iconic Viking Rulers: Legends and Legacies

Harald Fairhair

One of the most famous Viking rulers was Harald Fairhair (Harald Hårfagre). Known as the first King of Norway, Harald’s story is steeped in legend. As per the sagas, Harald vowed not to cut or comb his hair until he had united Norway under his rule. After succeeding in his mission, he got his nickname ‘Fairhair.’ Harald’s reign marked a significant transition in Viking society from tribal chieftains to centralized monarchies.

Erik the Red

Erik the Red, though not a king, was a prominent Viking chieftain and the founder of the first Norse settlements in Greenland. Despite his outlaw status in Norway and Iceland due to his hot temper and involvement in disputes, Erik’s adventurous spirit and leadership skills are undeniable. He holds a significant place in Viking history as the father of Leif Erikson, the first European believed to have set foot in North America, predating Columbus by almost 500 years.

Olaf Tryggvason

Olaf Tryggvason was a notable Viking king who ruled Norway from 995 to 1000 CE. He was a forceful proponent of Christianity and played a crucial role in the Christianization of Scandinavia. He converted Norwegians and sent missionaries to Iceland, Greenland, and the Faroe Islands, extending Christianity’s influence throughout the Norse world.

The Power and Governance of Viking Kings

Although their roles and territories varied, Viking rulers shared a common thread: a combination of martial prowess and political acumen. They were not merely warlords but also skilled diplomats and lawmakers. Many Norse kings enacted laws and established societal norms that have influenced Scandinavian culture to this day.

Viking kings ruled with an iron hand, but their rule was not absolute. They had to maintain a balance of power with the other social classes, particularly the jarls (nobles) and freemen. They also had to maintain good relations with the ‘Thing,’ an assembly of free men with the power to elect and depose kings. Therefore, the king’s rule was contingent on his ability to lead, protect, and provide for his people.

What Is a Viking Queen Called?

In the historical context of the Vikings, the term for a queen or a king’s wife was “drottning,” the Old Norse word for “queen.” These women often held significant power and influence in their societies, though their exact roles varied depending on their status, the region, and the era.

Historically, some Viking queens, such as Queen Aslaug, wife of the legendary Viking Ragnar Lothbrok, played crucial roles in the sagas. Aslaug, for instance, is depicted as a wise and prophetic woman, guiding her husband and sons with her wisdom and visions.

In addition to being wives of kings, Viking queens were mothers, diplomats, and occasionally, leaders in their own right. An iconic example of a ruling Viking queen is Queen Aud the Deep-Minded. After the death of her husband and son, she commissioned a ship, gathered a crew, and sailed to Iceland, where she claimed land and became a respected settler.

Even though it’s important to note that Viking societies were not strictly egalitarian, the historical and saga evidence suggests a degree of gender equity not often seen in the medieval world. Women, including queens, had certain rights, could own property, and occasionally rule, making the role of a Viking queen more complex and influential than commonly portrayed.

Famous Viking Queens 

As we delve deeper into Viking history, we encounter a host of influential women who held prominent positions in their societies. Whether as wives of kings, mothers of future rulers, or leaders in their own right, Viking queens played pivotal roles in their time’s cultural and political landscapes. Here are a few of the most renowned Viking queens.

Queen Sigrid the Haughty

Sigrid the Haughty, or Sigrid Storråda as she is known in Old Norse, was a queen consolidated through marriage alliances. Although historical sources differ on her ancestry, she is consistently portrayed as a strong, influential figure. Sigrid was sought after for marriage due to her immense wealth and strategic alliances. She famously spurned the proposal of Olaf Tryggvason, the King of Norway, refusing to convert to Christianity as a condition of their marriage. Sigrid’s staunch stand for her faith and wealth has solidified her status as one of history’s most formidable Viking queens.

Queen Aslaug

Aslaug, also known as Kráka or Kraba, was the wife of the legendary Viking hero Ragnar Lothbrok. Aslaug’s character is prominent in several sagas, where she is portrayed as a woman of great wisdom and prophetic powers. She bore Ragnar many sons who later became significant Viking figures, including Ivar the Boneless, Bjorn Ironside, and Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye. Aslaug’s influence as a queen was felt not just through her role as a wife and mother but also through her sage counsel and foresight.

Queen Aud the Deep-Minded

Aud the Deep-Minded was a remarkable figure who seized her destiny in a male-dominated society. After the death of her husband and son in the British Isles, Aud commissioned a ship to be built secretly in the forest. She embarked on a voyage with a crew of trusted followers, sailing to the shores of Iceland. There, she claimed lands, distributed them among her followers, and established a powerful and respected lineage. This widowed queen’s voyage is a testament to the indomitable Viking spirit and women’s significant roles in Viking society.

These Viking queens, each in their unique way, left an indelible mark on Viking history. Their strength, wisdom, and leadership are inspiring reminders of women’s powerful roles in the Viking world.

Viking Royalty in Mythology and Saga

The Norse sagas and mythology also feature a pantheon of legendary kings and heroes. These sagas, epic tales that mix history and mythology, often depict their Viking rulers as larger-than-life figures, sometimes with supernatural powers. This fusion of history and myth created a legacy for Viking rulers that has endured throughout the centuries.

The Intersection of Myth and History in Viking Royalty 

Understanding the Viking Age is often a complex task due to intermingling historical facts and mythology. Particularly when it comes to Viking royalty, the lines between legend and history often blur, creating a fascinating yet challenging narrative to decipher.

Viking sagas and poems, while rich sources of cultural insight, are often infused with supernatural elements and epic narratives, casting their historical figures in the light of heroes and demigods. One of the best examples of this intersection is the legendary Viking king Ragnar Lothbrok. His exploits are described in various sagas, which credit him with numerous raids across Europe and as the father of several notable Viking leaders. Yet, his existence as a historical figure remains disputed among scholars.

Another such figure is King Harald Fairhair. Although recognized as a historical figure, his conquest to unify Norway is wrapped in romantic legends and saga accounts. His motivation to unite Norway, for instance, is said to be a promise to a potential wife that he would not cut his hair until he became the king of a unified Norway, hence his nickname ‘Fairhair.’

On the other hand, historical figures like Olaf Tryggvason and Olaf II Haraldsson have been canonized in Viking sagas. While rooted in historical events, their stories are elevated to the level of legends, complete with miraculous events and divine interventions.

It’s crucial to approach Viking royalty with an understanding of this dichotomy. Viking society was deeply rooted in its mythology and oral tradition, which heavily influenced their historical records. These stories were not merely entertainment but carried cultural values, spiritual beliefs, and societal norms. The intersection of myth and history in Viking royalty thus offers a window into the Viking worldview and their perception of leadership and heroism.

Norse Kings and Their Effect on Modern Scandinavian Society 

The influence of Norse kings and their legacy is deeply embedded in the fabric of modern Scandinavian society. From culture and governance to geographical names and national identity, the footprints of these ancient rulers are still perceptible today.

A key legacy left by the Norse kings is the foundation of national identity. Legendary figures like Harald Fairhair, traditionally recognized as the first king of a unified Norway, have become symbols of national unity and resilience. Many Scandinavian countries pridefully look back on their Viking past, embracing their Norse roots as integral parts of their national narratives.

In governance, the Viking democratic assemblies, known as ‘Things,’ presided over by kings and jarls, can be seen as precursors to the democratic principles that underpin Scandinavian societies today. The Norse idea that kings should rule with the consent and counsel of their people echoes in the region’s current political systems, known for their transparency, citizen engagement, and commitment to egalitarian principles.

The influence of Norse kings is also evident in the cultural realm. Viking sagas continue to inspire literature, films, and television series with their stories of heroic kings and epic battles. Festivals such as Norway’s St. Olav Festival and Sweden’s Ales Stenar ceremony celebrate historic Viking kings and their sagas, keeping their stories alive.

Moreover, the geographic imprint of the Norse kings is visible throughout Scandinavia. Place names often bear the marks of these rulers, from King Harald’s namesake, the Haraldshaugen monument in Norway, to Denmark’s Jelling Stones, erected by King Harald Bluetooth.

Finally, the Norse conversion to Christianity, driven by kings like Olaf Tryggvason and Saint Olaf, laid the groundwork for the region’s dominant religious traditions, despite the recent trend toward secularism.

In these ways and more, the impact of Norse kings continues to resonate in modern Scandinavian society, underscoring the lasting influence of the Viking Age.

Conclusion

From chieftains to Norse kings, the concept of leadership and authority within Viking society evolved significantly over the centuries. While they were known for their fierceness in battle, Viking rulers were also legislators, diplomats, and in some cases, agents of cultural transformation. Despite their historical reputation as ruthless raiders, we see that the Vikings had a complex and layered society. The Viking kings or Norse kings were at the helm of this society, steering the course of their people’s history through a fascinating interplay of power, wisdom, and bravery. The grandeur and intrigue of Viking royalty continue to captivate us, a testament to the indomitable spirit of the North.